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[(S]U)12.3(TP)-238.3(\(12)13.2(50)-157.1(Ci/)]TJ
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T*
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(35)Tj
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[(with)-445.3(hematoxylin)-450.6(and)-442.2(eosin)-440.9(\(H&E\),)-444.5(and)-442.2(observed)-449(using)-444(a)]TJ
T*
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[(alpha)-393(minimum)-383.9(essential)-392.2(medium)-388.6(\()]TJ
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[(-MEM\))-387.2(with)-388.4(10%)-386.3(fetal)]TJ
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[(bovine)-457.4(serum)-449.8(and)-454.8(antibiotics.)-455.1(Murine)-450.3(osteoblast)-459.1(precursor)]TJ
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[(cultured)-749.4(as)-746.9(described)-748.5(previously.)]TJ
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(14)Tj
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[(Dental)-748(follicle)-750(cells)]TJ
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[(\(DFCs\))-457.2(and)-454.8(bone)-459.4(marrow)-451.8(stromal)-454.8(cells)-456.5(\(BMSCs\))-458(were)-457.4(ob-)]TJ
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[(EGFP)-532.3(mice,)-528(respectively,)-536.4(and)-530.7(were)-533.2(cultured)-528.1(as)-531.9(described)]TJ
T*
(previously.)Tj
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(15,16)Tj
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[(Briey,)-422.1(for)-421.3(DFCs,)-414.9(bilateral)-426.1(rst)-416.5(mandibular)]TJ
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[(molar)-282.3(germs)-282.1(were)-286.7(dissected)-283.6(and)-277.8(digested)-287.4(with)-280.9(1%)-279.4(trypsin)-287.1(at)]TJ
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[(and)-271.5(cultured)-268.8(in)]TJ
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[(-MEM)-266.6(supplemented)-272.3(with)-261.9(20%)-266.2(fetal)-269.4(bovine)]TJ
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[(serum)-639.4(and)-631.9(antibiotics.)-638.5(Bone)-641.4(siloprotein-Luc/ACTB-EGFP)]TJ
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[(mice)-468.2(were)-463.7(genetically)-464.5(double)-463.9(labeled)-462.7(with)-464.3(a)-461.1(luciferase)-464.7(re-)]TJ
T*
[(porter)-309.4(gene)-304.8(d)22.3(r)18.3(i)21.8(v)18.2(e)12.8(n)-281.6(b)20.9(y)-282.6(a)-284(b)20.9(o)16.2(n)21.9(e)-284.4(s)17.7(i)21.8(a)13.1(l)21.8(o)16.2(p)17.6(r)24.6(o)16.2(t)18.5(e)19.1(i)15.4(n)-281.6(\()18.5(B)16(S)20.5(P)17.6(\))-285(p)23.9(r)18.3(o)16.2(m)21.4(o)16.2(t)18.5(e)19.1(r)-285.2(a)19.5(n)21.9(d)]TJ
T*
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[(a)-5.8(n)-237.3(enhanced)-236.9(gree)-6.2(n)-237.3()3.4(uorescent)-234.4(p)-1.3(rotein)-243.6(\(EG)-5(F)2(P\))-234.3(driven)-243.6(by)-238.3(a)-233.4(b)-4.3(eta-)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
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[(a)-5.6(c)1(tin)-338.2(p)5.2(romoter.)]TJ
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(15)Tj
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8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 446.3432 Tm
0 Tc
[(Preparation)-339(of)-330.4(retroviral)-339.1(vectors)-335.5(and)-329.4(cell)-333(infection)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
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(pBABE-hygro-)Tj
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6.4241 0 TD
(Satb2)Tj
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[(and)-397.9(packaging)-392.9(vector)-389.6(pCL-Eco)-395.8(were)]TJ
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[(co-transfected)-384(into)-370.6(HEK-293T)-374.5(cells)-368(using)-374.4(Lipofectamine)-375.1(Re-)]TJ
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[(agent)-444(\(Invitrogen\).)-442.6(Forty-eight)-442.3(hours)-439.5(after)-437.3(transfection,)-441.8(the)]TJ
T*
[(supernatant)-340.2(ltered)-333(through)-332.6(a)-328.3(0.45)]TJ
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(m)Tj
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[(m)-332.7(lter)-330.1(\()-82.7(Millipore\))-334.3(was)]TJ
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[(used)-245.8(to)-243.5(infect)-241(the)-244(cells)-241.5(with)-243(polybrene)-241.7(at)-240.3(a)-239.8(nal)-243.4(concentration)]TJ
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1.8969 0 TD
(m)Tj
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[(g/mL.)-365(The)-366.7(empty)-364.1(retroviral)-373(vector)-364.3(pBABE-hygro)-369.4(was)]TJ
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[(also)-462.4(packaged)-460.3(and)-454.8(used)-460.8(as)-456.1(a)-461.1(control.)-458.4(Stably)-459.8(infected)-465.2(cells)]TJ
T*
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[(Transient)-335.3(cell)-339.3(transfection)-334.3(and)-329.4(luciferase)-338.8(assay)]TJ
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[(For)-463.1(transient)-461.6(transfection,)-467(the)-465.3(full-length)-460.7(Osx)-461.8(promoter-)]TJ
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[(20)-13.1(2)6.8(0)-13.1(/)]TJ
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[(1)13.1(3)0(\))-265.5(a)13.1(nd)-265.6(a)]TJ
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[(we)-7.8(re)-481.1(co)-8.4(-transfe)-12.5(cted)-489.5(with)-489.6(pcDNA3.1-)]TJ
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2.2699 0 TD
[(,)-489.8(o)0(r)-484(pCMV-)]TJ
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[(-gal)-589.6(levels)-590.6(were)-590.1(determined)]TJ
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[(mRNA)-344.6(analysis)-339(was)-337.6(performed)-341.5(using)-342.8(iQ)]TJ
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[(SYBR)-338.7(Green)-344.1(Su-)]TJ
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[(permix)-549(\(Bio-Rad)-541.8(Laboratories\))-543.9(on)-543.6(a)-537(Bio-Rad)-547.6(iQ5)-537.2(thermal)]TJ
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[(cycler)-633.1(\(Bio-Rad)-636.6(Laboratories\).)-635.3(The)-632.3(evaluation)-634.4(of)-635.5(relative)]TJ
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T*
[(comparative)-422.7(cycle)-417.4(threshold)-416.8(method,)-421(using)-418.7(glyceraldehyde)]TJ
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[(3-phosphate)-342.2(dehydrogenase)-335.4(as)-335.9(a)-334.6(control.)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
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[(RNA)-338.7(interference)-331.5(and)-335.7(Western)-336(blot)]TJ
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[(Calvarial)-244.7(osteoblasts)-239.1(were)-242.4(transfected)-248.7(with)]TJ
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(SATB2)Tj
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3.2184 0 TD
(siRNAs)Tj
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[(or)-547.2(scrambled)-540.3(control)-544(siRNAs)-542.9(\(Santa)-545.6(Cruz)-539.2(Biotechnology\))]TJ
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(1768)Tj
47.5546 0 TD
[(ZHANG)-333.3(ET)-338.7(AL.)]TJ
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[(protein)-423.1(lysates)-421.4(were)-419.4(prepared)-417.4(essentially)-425.5(as)-418.1(described)-419.7(pre-)]TJ
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(viously.)Tj
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(17)Tj
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[(Antibodies)-314.6(for)-320.1(SATB2)-308.9(\(Abcam\))-319.3(and)]TJ
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16.0792 0 TD
(b)Tj
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[(-actin)-316.5(\(Santa)]TJ
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[(Cruz)-292.6(Biotechnology\))-299.7(were)-293(used)-290.1(in)-291.4(the)-294.6(Western)-295.5(blot)-295.7(analysis.)]TJ
T*
[(The)-727.1(secondary)-722.5(antibodies)-730(were)-722.9(horseradish)-721.4(peroxidase-)]TJ
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[(linked)-245.4(goat-anti)-248.5(rabbit)-240.7(IgG)-239.2(\(Santa)-248.4(Cruz\).)-239.1(Blots)-245(were)-242.4(observed)]TJ
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[(using)-564.1(electrogenerated)-567.8(chemiluminescence)-572.4(\(ECL\))-563.5(reagents)]TJ
T*
[(from)-336.6(Pierce)-333.5(Biotechnology.)]TJ
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[(Animal)-337.5(surgery)]TJ
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1.1128 -1.8336 TD
[(Collagen)-390.3(matrices)-394.3(purchased)-389.2(from)-393.5(Collagen)-390.3(Matrix,)-387.5(Inc.,)]TJ
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[(were)-609.1(trimmed)-609.7(into)-610.8(appropriate)-611.8(size)-604.9(\(2.5)]TJ
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/F3 1 Tf
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(2)Tj
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/F3 1 Tf
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[(1)-163.9(mm\),)-611.8(and)]TJ
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[(static)-655.8(seeding)-647.7(techniques)-655.6(were)-647.1(used)-650.5(to)-648.2(transfer)-651.4(SATB2-)]TJ
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[(overexpressing)-344.6(DFCs)-329.8(or)-332.3(BMSCs)-336.9(into)-332.6(the)-338.9(matrix.)-335.6(Briey,)-333.6(cell)]TJ
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[(suspension)-304.2(at)-297.2(the)-300.9(concentration)-303.4(of)-294.1(10)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 206.4755 572.8251 Tm
(6)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 212.5417 568.8566 Tm
[(cells/mL)-295.7(was)-293.3(applied)]TJ
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[(to)-420.6(the)-414.7(respective)-418.1(sponges,)-415.7(which)-415.9(were)-419.4(incubated)-413.2(for)-414.9(1)-170.2(h)-414.4(at)]TJ
T*
(37)Tj
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[(C)-436.4(and)-435.9(then)-443.4(transplanted)-440.2(to)-439.5(the)-440(bone)-440.4(defect)-439.3(sites.)-439.4(Man-)]TJ
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[(dibular)-465(bone)-459.4(defects)-459.6(were)-463.7(created)-464.3(in)-455.8(5-month-old)-466.3(B6D2F1)]TJ
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[(male)-386.2(mice)-379.7(\()-126.9(Jackson)-384.2(Laboratory\),)-382.1(the)-383.1(strain)-382(from)-387.2(which)-377.9(our)]TJ
T*
[(mBSP9.0Luc)-442.3(transgenic)-433.2(mice)-436.6(were)-438.4(derived.)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 235.2188 518.0597 Tm
(13)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 245.8771 514.0912 Tm
[(Bone)-432.7(defects,)]TJ
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[(1.5)-166.3(mm)-330.2(in)-335.7(diameter,)-330(were)-330.9(created)-337.9(on)-328.6(the)-332.5(bone)-332.9(overlying)-333.2(the)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(mandibular)-522.4(rst)-524(molar.)-519.2(The)-524.8(generated)-523.3(bone)-522.6(defects)-522.8(were)]TJ
T*
[(then)-335.9(transplanted)-332.7(with)-331.5(collagen)-332.5(matrix)-332.7(seeded)-329.5(with)-331.5(SATB2-)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(overexpressing)-490(BMSCs)-476(or)-477.7(DFCs,)-484.4(or)-477.7(corresponding)-481.8(control)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(cells.)-339.3(Animals)-332.7(were)-337.2(sacriced)-332(7)-334.6(days)-337(after)-329.8(surgery.)]TJ
1.1128 -1.2203 TD
[(Mice)-399.9(were)-400.5(maintained)-399.5(and)-397.9(used)-397.6(in)-398.9(accordance)-398.7(with)-401(rec-)]TJ
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[(ommendations)-312.4(in)]TJ
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[(The)-306.7(Guide)-306.5(for)-311.7(the)-304.2(Care)-308.4(and)-306.7(Use)-306.3(of)-304.7(Laboratory)]TJ
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(Animals)Tj
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[(prepared)-556.5(by)-552.6(the)-553.8(Institute)-563.1(on)-556.3(Laboratory)-555.7(Animal)]TJ
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[(Resources,)-272.9(National)-271.9(Research)-267.5(Council)-267(\(DHHS)-272.2(Publ.)-266.5(NIH)-267.6(86)]TJ
T*
[(23,)-356(1985\),)-361.8(and)-353.7(by)-356.6(guidelines)-359(established)-361.7(by)-356.6(the)-357.8(Institutional)]TJ
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(m)Tj
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[(m)-528.7(i)0(n)-531.7(thickness,)]TJ
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[(microscope)-425.8(and)-423.2(analyzed)-423.8(by)-419.8(Spot)-420.4(Advanced)-421.2(software)-424.1(\(Di-)]TJ
T*
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()Tj
/F3 1 Tf
.7208 0 TD
[(100\),)-438.2(were)-438.4(measured)-439.5(essentially)-444.4(as)-437.1(described)-445(pre-)]TJ
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(viously.)Tj
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(18)Tj
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8.9663 0 0 8.9663 59.7543 227.1684 Tm
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[(Immunohistochemical)-414.3(staining)-411.6(\(IHC\))-414.2(was)-407.1(performed)-411(us-)]TJ
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[(IHC)-539.7(procedures)-541.4(were)-539.6(described)-539.8(in)-538(our)-535.9(previous)-542.8(publica-)]TJ
T*
(tions.)Tj
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(13)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 91.6157 177.8456 Tm
[(Control)-424.8(sections)-423(were)-413.1(incubated)-425.8(with)-420(an)-413.9(irrelevant)]TJ
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[(antibody)-337.7(\(anti-human)-341.8(CD4)-336.2(lymphocyte)-345.9(antigen\))-337.5(to)-338.4(estimate)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(back-ground)-618.1(staining.)-610.5(Primary)-608.5(antibodies)-616.2(against)-612.8(SATB2)]TJ
T*
[(\(Abcam\),)-372.8(rey)-365.1(luciferase)-369.9(\(Santa)-368.6(Cruz)-368.5(Biotechnology\),)-365.8(GFP)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(\(Clontech\),)-528.9(and)-524.4(BSP)-527.6(\(a)-518.5(gift)-527.4(from)-520(Dr.)-523.5(Larry)-526.8(Fisher,)-522(NIH/)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(NIDCR\))-666(were)-659.7(purchased.)-664(For)-659.2(SATB2)-656.7(IHC)-659.8(staining,)-661.1(the)]TJ
T*
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T*
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0 -1.2266 TD
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4.4829 0 TD
(-)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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[(SP)-505.7(Kit)-506.3(\(AEC,)-501.1(Broad)-508.5(Spectrum;)-507.9(Invitrogen\))-508.8(was)]TJ
-4.8054 -1.2203 TD
[(used.)-438.4(Stained)-431.9(slides)-436.2(were)-438.4(observed)-436.4(under)-432(a)-435.8(Nikon)-431.4(Eclipse)]TJ
T*
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28.0042 74.5598 TD
[(luciferase-positive)-295.5(cells)-292.1(were)-293(normalized)-291.6(to)-287.8(the)-294.6(total)-291.3(number)]TJ
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(15)Tj
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[(Statistical)-336.1(analysis)]TJ
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[(All)-236.1(results)-242.5(were)-242.4(expressed)-243.5(as)-241.1(means)]TJ
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()Tj
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[(standard)-244.8(error)-238.7(of)-243.5(the)]TJ
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[(mean)-398.7(of)-401.6(three)-402.7(or)-401.8(more)-399.3(independent)-406.9(experiments.)-405.1(One-way)]TJ
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[(software)-398.8(package)-400.4(Origin)-398(6.1)-400.3(\(OriginLab\).)-402.5(Values)-400.4(of)]TJ
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(p)Tj
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(<)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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(0.05)Tj
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(Results)Tj
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[(Expression)-335.7(pattern)-330.4(of)-336.7(SATB2)-332.6(in)-336.5(mouse)-330.5(embryos)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(and)-329.4(adult)-336.2(bone)-333.8(tissues)]TJ
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1.1128 -1.8336 TD
[(To)-265(get)-270.3(rst-hand)-274.5(information)-277.3(of)-268.8(SATB2)-271(expression)-275.6(pattern)]TJ
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[(in)-329.4(the)-326.2(jaws)-329.9(and)-328.4(teeth,)-329.5(we)-330.3(performed)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
16.5154 0 TD
[(in)-328.8(situ)]TJ
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3.0097 0 TD
[(hybridization)-335.7(of)]TJ
-19.5252 -1.2266 TD
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(that)Tj
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2.1182 0 TD
(Satb2)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.6683 0 TD
[(mRNA)-401.5(was)-400.8(highly)-402.1(expressed)-401.6(in)-405.3(the)-402.1(dental)-401.8(mes-)]TJ
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[(enchymal)-504.2(components)-511.7(of)-509.1(incisor)-507.7(tooth)-509.4(germ)-508.4(\(Fig.)-508.9(1A,)-503.3(B\).)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(Moreover,)-344.3(the)-345.2(signal)-344.5(of)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
10.7426 0 TD
(Satb2)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.6114 0 TD
[(mRNA)-344.6(was)-343.9(intense)-340.7(in)-348.4(the)-345.2(de-)]TJ
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[(veloping)-316.8(palate)-314.1(and)-309.4(mandibular)-313.7(bone)-314(matrix,)-310.4(but)-316.1(was)-312.3(weak)]TJ
T*
[(in)-651.9(Meckels)-654(cartilage.)-658.7(The)-651.2(strongest)-659.7(expression)-654.9(of)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
24.3938 0 TD
(Satb2)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-24.3938 -1.2203 TD
[(mRNA)-262.4(was)-268(observed)-265.7(in)-266.2(the)-269.3(edges)-267.8(of)-262.5(the)-269.3(developing)-269.1(palatine)]TJ
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[(processes,)-326.9(which)-321(were)-324.6(growing)-324.4(toward)-324.2(each)-324.5(other)-329.7(\(Fig.)-319.3(1C)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(F\).)-311.3(The)-316.1(expression)-319.8(pattern)-321.9(of)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
13.0252 0 TD
(Satb2)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.5861 0 TD
[(mRNA)-313(in)-316.7(jaws)-310.9(and)-315.7(teeth)]TJ
-15.6113 -1.2203 TD
[(indicated)-388.7(that)-383.2(SATB2)-391.1(plays)-383.2(an)-382.3(important)-389.1(role)-386.3(in)-386.3(the)-389.5(devel-)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(opment)-321.6(of)-319.4(these)-327.4(organs.)-318.5(We)-321.4(also)-323.3(performed)-322.5(IHC)-324.7(staining)-323.1(to)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(monitor)-283.1(the)-288.3(expression)-288.2(of)-281.5(SATB2)-283.6(in)-285.1(E14.5)-282.7(mouse)-287.4(embryos)-283(at)]TJ
T*
[(the)-338.9(protein)-334.6(level.)-339.3(We)-334(observed)-341.5(intense)-334.4(SATB2)-340.5(signals)-333.2(in)-342(the)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(nucleui)-410.7(of)-407.9(osteoblasts)-409.8(aligning)-411.4(on)-404.5(the)-408.4(surface)-413.5(of)-407.9(the)-408.4(devel-)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(oping)-451.7(mandibular)-459.1(bone)-453.1(in)-455.8(the)-459(E14.5)-453.4(mouse)-451.8(embryos)-460(\(Fig.)]TJ
T*
[(2AD\).)-327.7(We)-321.4(also)-329.6(found)-327.1(abundant)-324.9(SATB2-positive)-335.6(cells)-323.7(in)-329.4(the)]TJ
T*
[(mesenchymal)-275.3(component)-282.8(of)-275.1(the)-275.6(incisor)-273.8(tooth)-281.8(germs)-275.8(\(Fig.)-275(2E\))]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(and)-303.1(the)-307.3(developing)-307.1(palate)-307.8(\(Fig.)-300.3(2F,)-304(G\))-309(at)-303.5(this)-305.9(developmental)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(stage.)-539.7(Interestingly,)-548.9(we)-539(also)-544.6(found)-542.1(a)-543.3(few)-539.4(SATB2-positive)]TJ
T*
[(chondrocytes)-381.1(in)-373.6(the)-383.1(Meckels)-375.8(cartilage,)-380.5(which)-377.9(were)-375.2(seemed)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(to)-332(be)-333.1(at)-335.1(their)-336.8(hypertrophic)-337.4(stage)-334.4(\(Fig.)-338.2(2B,)-327.9(D\).)]TJ
1.1128 -1.2203 TD
[(SATB2)-460.6(has)-459.5(been)-469.2(reported)-464(to)-458.5(be)-465.9(expressed)-464.8(in)-462.2(the)-465.3(breast)]TJ
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[(tissues)-357(and)-360(leukocytes)-358.8(in)-354.7(adult)-362(human)-353(beings.)]TJ
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[(7,)-8.8(19)]TJ
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 511.6534 303.8739 Tm
[(In)-353.3(animal)]TJ
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[(models,)-390.4(SATB2)-391.1(was)-388.1(found)-390.4(to)-395.3(be)-390(expressed)-395.2(in)-386.3(adult)-393.6(central)]TJ
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[(nervous)-528.6(system.)]TJ
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(20,21)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 396.7936 281.9338 Tm
[(However,)-527(currently)-525.9(it)-528.8(is)-529.6(still)-524.5(unclear)]TJ
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[(whether)-439.3(SATB2)-435.4(is)-434.8(also)-437.1(expressed)-439.5(in)-430.6(adult)-437.8(bone)-440.4(tissues.)-435.8(In)]TJ
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[(this)-337.5(study,)-342.3(we)-343(performed)-341.5(IHC)-343.7(staining)-342(on)-341.3(femoral)-339.6(bone)-345.6(tis-)]TJ
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[(sue)-407.2(sections)-410.3(derived)-409.1(from)-412.5(2-month-old)-409.4(wild-type)-410.3(mice.)-407.9(On)]TJ
T*
[(these)-302.1(tissue)-298.7(sections,)-305.7(we)-298.7(detected)-303.1(strong)-297.6(signals)-301.5(of)-300.4(SATB2)-296.3(in)]TJ
T*
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[(adult)-431.5(femurs)-431.3(\(Fig.)-433.1(2H,)-426(I\))-432.5(and)-429.5(the)-433.7(surface)-432.5(of)-433.2(the)-427.4(trabecular)]TJ
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[(bone)-402.5(at)-398.3(the)-402.1(growth)-405.4(plate)-403.1(area)-398(\(Fig.)-401.5(2J,)-401.2(K\).)-398.2(We)-403.6(also)-399.2(created)]TJ
T*
[(1.5)-166.3(mm)-709.6(bone)-712.3(defects)-712.5(on)-714.3(the)-711.9(mandibles)-711.7(of)-711.4(5-month-old)]TJ
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[(B6D2F1)-399.4(mice)-398.6(and)-397.9(monitored)-399.8(the)-402.1(expression)-402(of)-395.3(SATB2)-403.7(pro-)]TJ
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[(tein)-329.8(in)-335.7(the)-332.6(mandibular)-332.7(bone)-339.3(defects.)-329.7(As)-337.8(shown)-335(in)-329.4(Figure)-336.8(2L)]TJ
T*
[(and)-334.7(M,)-336.8(the)-332.6(collected)-340.5(mandibular)-339(bones)-334.3(were)-337.2(cut)-336.2(in)-335.7(the)-338.9(hor-)]TJ
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[(izontal)-259.3(direction,)-266.1(and)-265.1(we)-260.8(observed)-265.7(intense)-264.8(SATB2)-264.6(staining)-259.8(in)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(most)-425.8(of)-426.9(the)-433.7(osteoblasts)-428.8(existing)-429.7(in)-430.5(the)-427.4(newly)-430.2(formed)-428(bone)]TJ
T*
[(area)-334.7(of)-332(the)-332.6(mandibular)-339(bone)-332.9(defects.)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
0 -2.447 TD
[(SATB2)-319.9(enhances)-316.4(expressions)-322.7(of)-317.8(bone)-314.8(matrix)-324.3(proteins)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(and)-329.4(osteogenic)-335.9(transcription)-336.2(factors)-333.2(in)-336.5(BMSCs)]TJ
T*
[(and)-329.4(DFCs)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
1.1128 -1.8336 TD
[(BMSCs)-349.5(and)-347.3(DFCs)-348.7(were)-356.2(known)-350.7(to)-351(be)-345.8(able)-355.1(to)-351(differentiate)]TJ
-1.1128 -1.2267 TD
[(into)-313.7(hard)-316.4(tissue)-317.7(forming)-316.3(cells)-311.1(\(osteoblasts)-321.8(or)-313.3(cementoblasts\),)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
-28.0042 77.228 TD
[(SATB2)-336.1(PROMOTES)-338.7(BONE)-335.4(REGENERATION)-31530.1(1769)]TJ
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[(and)-315.7(bone)-320.3(marrow)-319(mononuclear)-324(cells)-317.4(were)-318.3(recently)-321.4(found)-320.8(to)]TJ
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[(promote)-290.1(tissue)-286.1(regeneration)-284.1(in)-285.1(critical)-288.1(size)-282.5(rat)-285.2(cranial)-287.7(defects)]TJ
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[(without)-361.4(the)-364.2(need)-360.3(for)]TJ
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[(in)-360.4(vitro)]TJ
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[(culture,)-357.3(expansion,)-368(and)-360(puri-)]TJ
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(cation.)Tj
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(22)Tj
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[(To)-366.2(investigate)-377.6(the)-370.5(effect)-367.2(of)-370(SATB2)-372.1(on)-372.9(the)-370.5(differen-)]TJ
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[(tiation)-759.8(processes)-760.3(of)-762(BMSCs)-754.2(and)-758.3(DFCs,)-756.3(we)-760.3(transiently)]TJ
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[(transfected)-615.4(pcDNA3.1-)]TJ
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(Satb2)Tj
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2.8769 0 TD
[(into)-610.8(BMSCs)-608.8(and)-612.9(DFCs,)-604.6(and)]TJ
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[(determined)-264.3(gene)-260.5(expression)-262.9(changes.)-267(Considering)-260.1(the)-263(potent)]TJ
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[(osteogenic)-814.4(inductivity)-820.4(of)-812.6(bone)-813.5(morphogenetic)-816.1(proteins)]TJ
27.9978 8.5612 TD
[(\(BMPs\),)-261.2(pcDNA3.1-)]TJ
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8.675 0 TD
(Bmp4)Tj
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2.6303 0 TD
[(was)-255.4(also)-260(transfected)-261.3(into)-263.1(BMSCs)-254.7(to)]TJ
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[(serve)-337.7(as)-329.6(a)-334.6(positive)-336.1(control.)-332(Cells)-337.2(transfected)-337.2(with)-331.5(the)-332.6(empty)]TJ
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[(vector)-471.8(\(pcDNA3.1\))-467.9(served)-467.1(as)-468.7(negative)-467.1(controls.)-466.1(We)-466.8(found)]TJ
T*
[(that)-541.3(72)-169.7(h)-534.5(after)-538.5(transfection,)-542.9(SATB2-overexpressing)-546.4(BMSCs)]TJ
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[(showed)-479.9(increased)-478.4(mRNA)-477.4(levels)-476.8(of)-471.1(BSP,)-473.7(runt-related)-481.3(tran-)]TJ
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[(scription)-560.1(factor)-559.6(2)-555.9(\(Runx2\),)-558.3(Osx,)-553.2(and)-556(vascular)-556(endothelial)]TJ
T*
[(growth)-399.1(factor)-388.9(A)-393.4(\(VEGFA\))-397(compared)-389.8(with)-394.7(the)-395.8(control)-392.3(cells.)]TJ
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[(BMP4)-331.5(induced)-329.6(the)-332.5(expression)-332.5(of)-332(SATB2)-327.9(at)-328.8(the)-332.5(mRNA)-325.6(level,)]TJ
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[(FIG.)-336.8(2.)]TJ
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4.0909 0 TD
(Immunohistochemical)Tj
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[(staining)-335.7(of)-338.4(the)-332.5(heads)-335.9(from)-336.6(C57bl/6j)]TJ
T*
[(mice)-335.4(at)-335.1(E14.5)]TJ
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6.2407 0 TD
(\(AG\))Tj
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2.7378 0 TD
[(,)-331.7(the)-338.9(femurs)]TJ
-8.9785 -1.1128 TD
[(from)-336.6(2-month-old)-339.8(C57bl/6j)-330.8(mice)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0 -1.1065 TD
(\(HK\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.7378 0 TD
[(,)-338(and)-328.4(the)-338.9(mandubular)-336.8(bone)]TJ
-2.7378 -1.1128 TD
[(defects)-339.4(created)-331.6(in)-335.7(the)-338.9(5-month-old)]TJ
T*
[(B6D2F1)-336.1(mice)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
6.1585 0 TD
[(\(L,)-328.9(M\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.8327 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.5817 0 TD
[(\(A,)-333.6(B\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.9971 0 TD
(Intense)Tj
-12.5699 -1.1065 TD
[(SATB2)-334.2(signals)-339.5(are)-328.9(detected)-341(in)-335.7(the)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(nucleui)-334.8(of)-338.4(osteoblasts)-340.3(aligning)-335.5(on)]TJ
T*
[(the)-338.9(surface)-331.3(of)-338.4(the)-332.5(developing)-338.7(man-)]TJ
T*
[(dibular)-332.2(bone)-339.3(in)-335.7(the)-332.5(E14.5)-333.2(mouse)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(embryos.)-336.5(Some)-333.8(of)-338.4(the)-332.5(chondrocytes)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(in)-335.7(the)-332.5(Meckels)-337.8(cartilage)-339.6(are)-328.9(also)]TJ
T*
[(positively)-337.7(stained.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.3842 0 TD
(\(B\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.644 0 TD
[(Higher)-340.7(mag-)]TJ
-10.0281 -1.1128 TD
[(nication)-335(of)-338.4(the)-332.5(squared)-339(area)-334.7(in)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
14.568 0 TD
(A)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
.7714 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-15.3394 -1.1065 TD
(\(CE\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.801 0 TD
[(In)-334.3(addition)-335.4(to)-338.4(the)-332.5(strong)]TJ
-2.801 -1.1128 TD
[(staining)-335.7(in)-335.7(the)-332.5(mandibular)-339(osteo-)]TJ
T*
[(blasts,)-335.9(abundant)-337.5(SATB2-positive)]TJ
T*
[(cells)-336.4(are)-335.2(observed)-335.2(in)-335.7(the)-332.5(mesenchy-)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(mal)-335.7(component)-333.4(of)-338.4(the)-332.5(lower)-337.3(incisor)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(tooth)-338.7(germs.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
5.9182 0 TD
(\(D\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.802 0 TD
[(Higher)-334.4(magnica-)]TJ
-7.7203 -1.1128 TD
[(tion)-339(of)-332(the)-332.5(squared)-339(area)-334.7(in)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
12.1779 0 TD
(C)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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(.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.5817 0 TD
(\(E\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-13.4741 -1.1065 TD
[(Higher)-334.4(magnication)-336.5(of)-338.4(the)-332.5(circled)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(area)-334.7(in)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
3.3764 0 TD
(C)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
.7145 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.588 0 TD
[(\(F,)-330.3(G\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.9338 0 TD
[(The)-335.1(developing)]TJ
-7.6128 -1.1128 TD
[(palate)-333.1(is)-340(lled)-329.1(with)-337.8(SATB2-positive)]TJ
T*
(cells.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
2.4659 0 TD
(\(G\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.802 0 TD
[(Higher)-340.7(magnication)-336.5(of)]TJ
-4.268 -1.1065 TD
[(the)-338.9(squared)-332.7(area)-334.7(in)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.9279 0 TD
(F)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
.5501 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.5817 0 TD
[(\(H,)-338.5(I\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.7694 0 TD
(Strong)Tj
-12.8292 -1.1128 TD
[(signals)-257.3(of)-249.8(SATB2)-252(are)-253(observed)-259.3(in)-247.2(the)]TJ
T*
[(nuclei)-339.8(of)-332(osteoprogenitor)-343.4(cells)]TJ
T*
[(aligning)-335.5(on)-334.9(the)-338.9(inner)-333.4(surface)-337.6(of)-332(the)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(adult)-336.7(femurs.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
6.2786 0 TD
(\(I\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.3658 0 TD
[(Higher)-321.7(magnication)-323.9(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(squared)-320(area)-315.8(in)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
19.8034 0 TD
(H)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
.8283 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.5627 0 TD
.1269 Tc
[(\(J)126.9(,)-192.9(K)126.9(\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.8137 0 TD
0 Tc
[(At)-324.3(the)-319.9(growth)-316.9(plate)-320.9(area)-322.1(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(adult)-317.7(femurs,)-320.4(many)]TJ
-31.6525 -1.1128 TD
[(SATB2-positive)-323(cells)-323.7(attach)-318.8(to)-319.4(the)-319.9(surface)-325(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(trabecular)-319.2(bone.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
28.902 0 TD
(\(K\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.7388 0 TD
[(Higher)-321.7(magnication)-317.6(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(squared)-320(area)-322.1(in)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
19.8034 0 TD
(J)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
.3857 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.5691 0 TD
[(\(L,)-316.2(M\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
-51.3989 -1.1128 TD
[(Most)-319.5(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(osteoblasts)-327.6(existing)-322.2(in)-316.7(the)-319.9(newly)-316.4(formed)-320.6(bone)-320.3(area)-322.1(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(mandibular)-320(bone)-320.3(defects)-320.5(are)-322.6(strongly)-318.2(stained.)-323.9(The)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(mandibular)-320(bones)-321.6(were)-318.3(cut)-323.6(in)-316.7(the)-319.9(horizontal)-323.1(direction.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
24.6151 0 TD
.0827 Tc
[(\(M)82.7(\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.0423 0 TD
0 Tc
[(Higher)-321.7(magnication)-323.9(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(squared)-320(area)-315.8(in)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
19.8097 0 TD
(L)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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[(.)-319.1(T)0(,)-322.1(tongue;)-318.7(LM,)]TJ
-47.0678 -1.1128 TD
[(lower)-318.4(molar;)-323.1(MB,)-314.5(mandibular)-320(bone;)-323.2(MC,)-318(Meckels)-318.8(cartilage;)-323.6(LI,)-317.9(lower)-318.4(incisor;)-320.9(P,)-320.4(palate;)-317(F,)-317.2(femur;)-325.4(BM,)-314.5(bone)-320.3(marrow;)-321.9(GP,)]TJ
T*
[(growth)-323.2(plate;)-317.5(NB,)-322(newly)-316.4(formed)-320.6(bone;)-323.2(M1,)-317.4(roots)-317.8(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(rst)-321.6(mandibular)-320(molar;)-316.8(M2,)-317.4(roots)-324.2(of)-319.4(the)-319.9(second)-319.5(mandibular)-320(molar;)]TJ
T*
[(ar)18.8(ro)21.8(w,)-206.9(po)14.8(si)20.4(t)12.2(i)0(v)14.7(e)12.8(ly)-204(st)17.2(ai)15.9(ne)22(d)-218(c)13.4(el)15.5(ls)20.4(;)-217.9(a)13.1(rr)17.6(ow)-206.7(he)22(ad)16.5(,)-211.6(n)0(e)15.7(g)0(a)21.4(t)0(i)15(v)0(e)24.7(l)0(y)-210.3(s)0(t)17.2(a)13.1(in)18.4(e)12.8(d)-218(ce)19.8(ll)18.2(s.)-206.6(C)12.5(o)0(l)19(o)0(r)-212.1(i)15.4(ma)15.6(g)14.5(e)0(s)-209.9(a)13.1(va)18.7(il)18.2(ab)21.4(le)-205.8(on)19.1(li)18.2(ne)-211.9(a)13.1(t)-215.5(ww)15.7(w.)20.7(li)18.2(e)12.7(b)0(e)21(r)0(t)17.8(o)0(n)19.1(l)0(i)18.2(n)0(e)15.7(.)0(c)23.1(o)0(m)18.6(/)0(t)21.8(e)0(a)]TJ
ET
q
365.399 0 0 149.556 187.03 582.973 cm
/Im2 Do
Q
BT
/F6 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 705.1462 Tm
[(FIG.)-336.8(1.)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
4.0909 0 TD
[(In)-333.7(situ)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
3.0729 0 TD
(hybridiza-)Tj
-7.1639 -1.1065 TD
(tion)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
2.0549 0 TD
[(\(A,)-333.6(C,)-334.5(E\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
4.2364 0 TD
[(and)-334.7(H&E)]TJ
-6.2913 -1.1128 TD
(staining)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
3.8317 0 TD
[(\(B,)-336.4(D,)-331.7(F\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
4.1858 0 TD
[(of)-338.4(the)]TJ
-8.0175 -1.1128 TD
[(heads)-335.9(from)-336.6(wild-type)-334.5(mice)]TJ
T*
[(\(C57bl/6j\))-338(at)-335.1(E14.5.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.9469 0 TD
[(\(A,)-333.6(B\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
-8.9469 -1.1065 TD
(The)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1.9791 0 TD
(SATB2)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
3.3132 0 TD
[(gene)-336.4(is)-333.6(strongly)]TJ
-5.2923 -1.1128 TD
[(expressed)-338.3(in)-335.7(mesenchymal)]TJ
T*
[(components)-341(of)-332(incisors.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
10.7932 0 TD
(\(C,)Tj
-10.7932 -1.1065 TD
(D\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.4037 0 TD
[(SATB2)-258.3(expression)-269.2(is)-257.8(high)]TJ
-1.4037 -1.1128 TD
[(in)-335.7(bone)-332.9(matrix)-339.1(of)-332(mandible,)]TJ
T*
[(but)-335(is)-333.6(weak)-334.2(in)-335.7(the)-332.5(Meckels)]TJ
T*
(cartilage.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
4.3122 0 TD
[(\(E,)-335.2(F\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.7189 0 TD
[(SATB2)-334.2(ex-)]TJ
-7.0311 -1.1065 TD
[(pression)-336.7(in)-335.7(the)-332.5(edges)-337.3(of)-338.4(de-)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(veloping)-335.8(palatine)-340(processes)]TJ
T*
[(is)-333.6(prominent.)-338.5(m,)-335.6(meckels)]TJ
T*
[(cartilage;)-336.2(dm,)-332.3(dental)-338.6(mesenchyme;)-338.3(eo,)-334.4(enamel)-332.6(organ;)-336.2(bm,)-333.7(bone)-332.9(matrix;)-335.6(um,)-330.6(upper)-339.8(molar.)-335.8(H&E,)-329.8(hematoxylin)-336.8(and)-334.7(eosin;)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(SATB2,)-337.1(special)-337.2(AT-rich)-334.2(sequence-binding)-339.1(protein.)-337.5(Color)-338.7(images)-328.7(available)-336.7(online)-339(at)-335.1(www.liebertonline.com/tea)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0 22.7372 TD
(1770)Tj
47.5546 0 TD
[(ZHANG)-333.3(ET)-338.7(AL.)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
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